↑ Halpern, John H.; Suzuki, Joji; Huertas,, Pedro E.; Passie, Torsten (ngày 7 tháng 6 năm 2014). Price, Lawrence H.; Stolerman, Ian P., biên tập. Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology A Springer Live Reference. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. tr. 1–5. ISBN978-3-642-27772-6. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 4 năm 2015. Hallucinogen abuse and dependence are known complications resulting from the illicit use of drugs in this category, such as LSD and psilocybin. Users do not experience withdrawal symptoms, but the general criteria for substance abuse and dependence otherwise apply. Dependence is estimated in approximately 2 % of recent-onset users in the United States.
↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). “Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders”. Trong Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ấn bản 2). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. tr. 375. ISBN9780071481274. Several other classes of drugs are categorized as drugs of abuse but rarely produce compulsive use. These include psychedelic agents, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which are used for their ability to produce perceptual distortions at low and moderate doses. The use of these drugs is associated with the rapid development of tolerance and the absence of positive reinforcement (Chapter 6). Partial agonist effects at 5HT2A receptors are implicated in the psychedelic actions of LSD and related hallucinogens. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly called ecstasy, is an amphetamine derivative. It produces a combination of psychostimulant-like and weak LSD-like effects at low doses. Unlike LSD, MDMA is reinforcing—most likely because of its interactions with dopamine systems—and accordingly is subject to compulsive abuse. The weak psychedelic effects of MDMA appear to result from its amphetamine-like actions on the serotonin reuptake transporter, by means of which it causes transporter-dependent serotonin efflux. MDMA has been proven to produce lesions of serotonin neurons in animals and humans.
1 2 3 “What are hallucinogens?”. National Institute of Drug Abuse. Tháng 1 năm 2016. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 17 tháng 4 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 4 năm 2016.
1 2 Abuse, National Institute on Drug. “Hallucinogens”. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 7 năm 2018.
↑ Halpern JH, Lerner AG, Passie T (2018). A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 36. tr. 333–360. ISBN978-3-662-55878-2. PMID27822679. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_457.
